136 Geophysics in Geothermal Exploration (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 3.16 Processing of a near surface VSP, after Mari and Vergniault (2018). (a) Deconvolved upgoing P-waves, (b) stacking corridor and stacked trace; (c) and (d) seismic section, VSP stacked trace and synthetic seismogram in time (c) and in depth (d). In case of acquisition of wave fields that do not propagate at normal incidence, it is recommended the use of 3-component borehole sensors to record the different wave trains, in particular the waves converted from P to S. Wave propagation at not normal incidence occurs in acquisition of: • VSP in boreholes drilled in complex geological structures (dips and faults), • VSP in deviated wells, • Offset VSP and walkaway.
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