26 Geophysics in Geothermal Exploration Project developers, institutional stakeholders, and policymakers also have a critical role to play in enabling the success of geothermal projects. Investment in the acquisition and interpretation of geophysical data is vital for de-risking exploration and maximizing project efficiency. Without sufficient geophysical data, engineers and decision-makers are effectively navigating in the dark, increasing the likelihood of costly errors and missed opportunities. By prioritizing geophysical studies and integrating their findings into project planning, stakeholders can significantly enhance the success rate of geothermal developments. Glossary of Geothermal Energy Definition and Sources Geothermal energy leverages the Earth’s internal heat, originating from radioactive decay and residual heat from planetary formation. This heat transfers through conduction, convection, and radiation, creating a geothermal gradient where temperature increases with depth. Variations in the geothermal gradient arise due to subsurface geological differences. Harnessing Geothermal Energy Despite geothermal heat at the surface being minimal (0.06 W/m²), subsurface temperatures stabilize below 10–20 meters, enabling surface applications like geothermal heat pumps. Deeper geothermal energy is tapped for direct heating (50 °C and above) or power generation (150 °C and above), with temperaturedependent applications ranging from district heating to electricity production. Applications and Impact Geothermal systems provide sustainable, year-round heat, contributing to electricity generation and industrial processes with minimal emissions. As heating accounts for 50% of global energy consumption, geothermal energy supports decarbonization efforts and reduces greenhouse gases. Installed capacity has grown globally, reaching over 16 GW for power and expanding direct-use heating applications. Technological Advancements and Challenges Advances in geophysics and drilling have expanded geothermal capabilities, but challenges like regulatory barriers, high drilling costs, and geological risks hinder growth. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and closed-loop systems offer solutions in regions lacking natural hydrothermal resources, unlocking untapped geothermal potential. Geothermal Systems Geothermal resources manifest naturally (e.g., hot springs, geysers) or via engineered systems: • Direct Use: Low-temperature fluids (30–80 °C) for heating and agriculture. • Electricity Generation: High-temperature reservoirs (150 °C and above).
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