34 Geophysics in Geothermal Exploration generally above 150 °C, are required to produce steam or vaporize a working fluid that drives turbines. The diagram displayed in Figure 1.3 highlights how different temperature levels of geothermal fluids are suited for various direct-use applications. It showcases the versatility of geothermal energy, illustrating how it can be utilized for both power generation and numerous direct heat applications, depending on the resource temperature. At the high end of the temperature spectrum, above 150 °C, geothermal fluids are typically used for electricity generation through dry steam, flash steam, or binary cycle power plants. Moving down in temperature, between 100 °C and 150 °C, geothermal fluids can be used in processes like drying, industrial heating, and chemical extraction. At lower temperatures, around 50 to 100 °C, geothermal fluids are ideal for district heating, aquaculture, greenhouse heating, and various agricultural applications. Finally, even low-temperature geothermal fluids, between 20 and 50 °C, have applications in bathing, balneology, and heat pump systems for residential heating and cooling. Figure 1.3 Modified Lindal diagram about possible usage of geothermal fluids (from Kaczmarczyk et al., 2020; based on Gudmundsson et al., 1985; Operacz and Chowaniec, 2018).
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