37 1. Overview of the different geothermal systems: role of geophysics geothermal fluids or the possibility of triggering seismic activity. Current drilling technologies also have limitations, as they can only reach certain depths before technical constraints and costs become prohibitive. This restriction means that vast geothermal potential, notably for power generation remains untapped. Addressing these challenges requires continued advancements in drilling technologies, risk mitigation strategies, investment, and regulatory support, all of which would help make geothermal a more prominent player in the global renewable energy mix. Figure 1.7 Renewable energy consumption and shares of heat demand in selected regions, 2022 (left), and global increases in renewable energy consumption, 2017-2028 (right). Source: World Energy Outlook 2023 (IEA Report, 2023). 1.2 What are the main geothermal systems? In nature, geothermal activity is well known through phenomena like geysers, hot springs, and fumaroles, where the Earth’s internal heat escapes to the surface. These features form in geologically active areas, such as near tectonic plate boundaries or volcanic zones, where heat is channeled through fractures in the Earth’s crust, bringing hot water or steam to the surface. Historically, these natural hot water sources have been harnessed by people for bathing, cooking, and warming homes, using the naturally occurring thermal energy produced deep within the Earth. The first deliberate attempt to generate power from geothermal energy was made in 1904 in Larderello, Italy, where the French engineer François Jacques de Larderel used steam from a geothermal well to generate electricity. Since then, geothermal technology has evolved significantly, with modern techniques now
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