41 1. Overview of the different geothermal systems: role of geophysics Figure 1.10 World map of estimated deep aquifer systems from IEA Report (2011). Source: TNO. • Geothermal lithium extraction: several projects in Upper Rhine Graben are underway. • Power Generation, two geothermal power plants are operational: – Bouillante, Guadeloupe: 15.5 MW capacity, – Soultz-sous-Forêts, Alsace: 1.7 MW capacity. • Shallow Geothermal Energy: – Over 205, 300 shallow geothermal installations provide heating and cooling, – Shallow geothermal systems contribute 4.58 TWh of heating and cooling energy annually from near-surface resources. This range of geothermal initiatives highlights France’s commitment to leveraging both deep and shallow geothermal energy for sustainable heating, cooling, and power generation. Geothermal district heating in the Paris Basin, France, is one of Europe’s most successful examples of sustainable heating from geothermal resources (Negrel and Lasne, 2021). The Paris area sits atop an extensive low-temperature geothermal reservoir within the Dogger aquifer, a sedimentary horizon rich in warm groundwater. Found at depths between 1500 and 2000 meters, this aquifer has temperatures ranging from 55 to 85 °C, making it ideal for direct heating applications. Since the 1970s, Paris and its surrounding suburbs have developed a network of geothermal district heating systems that utilize this geothermal resource to provide heat for residential buildings, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. In geothermal district heating systems, a well doublet is typically drilled to optimize the extraction and reinjection of geothermal fluids from a deep aquifer reservoir. This doublet consists of one production well and one reinjection well, Figures 1.11 and 1.12. The production well taps into the geothermal reservoir to bring hot water to
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