51 QUAL I TÉ GÉOPHYSIQUEAPPLIQUÉE 2 Surface geophysical methods J.-L. Mari and G. Paixach Historically, geophysical methods have played a pivotal role in the exploration of oil, gas, and minerals, serving as the backbone of resource discovery for decades. However, the landscape of geophysical applications is evolving to meet the demands of emerging domains holding significant economic, technological, social, and environmental importance. One such domain is geothermal energy, which is becoming a potential candidate in the global push toward heat and electricity decarbonization. The shift towards geothermal energy requires a deeper understanding of the subsurface, not only in sedimentary basins but also in areas characterized by igneous formations. Effective site investigation for geothermal projects needs characterization of the subsurface through different geophysical methods. There are various geophysical methods, each based on distinct theoretical principles, that provide valuable data about subsurface materials. By acquiring and analyzing this data through specific geophysical surveys, we can better understand the subsurface properties and characteristics, offering important insights for exploring and managing subsurface resources and developing geotechnical engineering. Geophysical methods encompass various techniques, each designed to characterize specific properties of geological formations and rocks. Among the most widely used methods are seismic, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, and gravity surveys. © EDP Sciences, 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-3752-6.c002
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