A new concept of karst development based on hydrogeology and geophysics

105 5. Geophysical methods The attribute, called the VSP flow index, which is defined as the product of the ambient noise factor by the body-wave to Stoneley-wave conversion factor, was used to detect both karstic bodies and flow (Fig. 15b). In the same way as for the calculation of the acoustic flow log, a VSP flow rate is calculated from the VSP flow index. (a) (b) Figure 14 Borehole M20: VSP with Hydrophones – Stoneley wave separations and conversion factor estimate. (a) Down-going Stoneley waves, (b) Up-going Stoneley waves.

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